[FIX] core: fix infinite loops with child_of/parent_of

1.

Infinite loop may happen on using `parent_of`\`child_of` when there is a
recursion in the tree (e.g. a record is marked as a parent of itself). Fix it by
excluding seen records from the next iteration.

2.

Another problem with `child_of` is `parent_id` that references to another model.
For example, the `parent_id` may come from inherited model. It's the case with
`res.users` and `res.partner` models. It may lead to a random search results.
Avoid that by raising exception in case of wrong usage of the `child_of`
operator.

STEPS:

In demo data, there is a partner called "Wood Corner" that is `res.partner(9,)`
that has 3 sub-contacts. If we give Portal access to two of them, we end up with
a database, where we have a `res.users(9,)` record that has a partner, which has a
`parent_id` to "Wood corner". So this way, the user id is the same as the user's
partner's parent contact id.

After that open a shell and type:

```
env['res.partner'].search([["user_ids", "child_of", 9]])
```

BEFORE: infinite loop (without change n.1) or random search results (when change
n.1 is applied)
AFTER: ValueError exception

---

opw-2729740

closes odoo/odoo#89316

Related: odoo/enterprise#41330
Signed-off-by: Raphael Collet <rco@odoo.com>