[IMP] mail, *: refactor patch API to look like model definitions

Model patches are now defined using the `registerPatch` function. This
function takes an object as argument which keys match those of a model
definition.

Benefits:
+ More consistent shape between model definitions and patch definitions
+ No need to import one function to each type of patch
+ No need to repeat the model name for each type of patch
+ No need to import the original definition

Task-2998282.

* = calendar, crm, hr, im_livechat, note, rating, sms, snailmail,
    website_livechat, website_slides

closes odoo/odoo#101282

Related: odoo/enterprise#31866
Signed-off-by: Sébastien Theys (seb) <seb@odoo.com>